If you’re taking time to read this article, chances are you want the very best for your horse. Today, a horse is our friend, companion, and in some cases, our livelihood. It is in our best interest, and our horse’s, to provide the best health care possible so they may live longer and happier lives. Special attention is given to make certain our horses are wormed every two months, kept current on all the necessary inoculations, obtain the highest quality hay and grain, have proper fitting saddles and tack, provide frequent sessions of massage therapy, acupuncture, chiropractic, and shoeing. And, know how important shoeing is to our horse’s performance, therefore, we schedule routine visits from our farrier.
Did you know?
Many of us overlook another very important aspect of general health maintenance for our horses that is, care for their Teeth. Some horses will not display symptoms of dental problems, but all horses develop sharp pain-inflicting points among other irregularities of the teeth. We are all concerned with our horse’s comfort. In some cases, whole mouth dentistry, properly done, can alleviate and often eradicate certain cases of colic, eliminate mild lameness, clear runny eyes, lessen and even cure cribbing. Dentistry may also promote softer collection and flexion, re-muscle an atrophic top-line, and lessen the severity of spooking. There are many other obvious issues related to dentistry, such as correcting head tossing, lessening the amount of grain lost while eating, drooling, change a bad or undesirable attitude, loss of weight and fighting or fidgeting with the bit.
Biomechanics
This all happens with whole mouth dentistry and equilibration best explained as equal crown heightening of teeth, not just floating! For instance … a male horse can have up to 50 teeth and a mare up to 46 teeth. These teeth will continue to erupt at different degrees, from socket in the mandible, until it reaches 20-25 years of age. Horses in the wild will eat coarse grasses and graze up to 20 hours a day. The silica or abrasives in the grasses will naturally keep the teeth worn down to the proper angle and height. Most domesticated horses are kept in stalls or small pastures, fed processed feed, or graze limited amounts of time on fine grass. As a result, they do not receive the benefit of the abrasives necessary to keep the teeth evenly worn. Incisors will not wear at the same rate as the molar table. As this process occurs, the horse adjusts its natural chewing motion from a side-to-side motion, to one of an up-and-down motion. This accentuates the unevenness of the molar table due to the fact that the lower molar table is narrower than the upper molar table. This causes the upper molar table to become cupped from the lower molar table pounding into it, accentuating the points of the upper molar table.           Having only the best intentions, horse owners and trainers have these points “floated” or removed. Floating, however, is just the beginning of whole mouth dentistry and equilibration. Floating represents only 10% of the total work required to properly equilibrate the mouth, especially for the performance horse. The molars have a surface or table which the horse uses to grind its food when the upper and lower molar tables meet properly. Horses have a chewing motion starting with the lower mandible going down to one side, out, up and in, then down to the other side, out, up and in again. Molars can very often erupt at different rates as the result of the unbalance of individual horses chewing patterns. This can be the result of a wide range of issues. Here are just a few of them: · Short Skulls-specific breeds such as Quarter Horses, Arabians, Morgan’s and Miniatures · Injuries · Missing teeth and teeth erupting in an outwardly, crooked pattern instead of the normal vertical angle
· Unevenness of the molar tables
Figure 1 ( Unevenness in Molar Table also called ATR)
With regard to molar tables, a wave effect can be created with commonly occurring hooks and ramps. These occur at the end of the molar table. A ramp can be at the front or rear of the bottom molar table. A hook is usually found at the front of the top molar table.
Figure 2 is an example of hooks
These hooks and ramps can even protrude in the opposing gum line. The hooks can limit the anterior and posterior movement of the mandible causing poor performance in the area of rounding up. It also may cause hollowing out or fighting the bit. It can cause poor axial flow of the food bolus and make eating a chore for the horse.           Another example, which causes problems, are ramps. That is, when the back of the last molar is jabbed up into the upper gum line, hitting on an acupressure point (bladder meridian) that has been found to cause lameness in the rear hocks. It would be essential to check the mouth in this situation especially if radiographs of the hock show no reason why this lameness has occurred.           The washboard effect occurs when the entire table is jagged. This is called accentuated transverse ridging. All cases in which unevenness of the molar table is described will prevent a horse’s mandible from moving front to back or side to side or both. Anything that restricts the forward and backward movement of the mandible is believed to be detrimental to downward transitions and collection.           In addition, restriction of movement to the left and right of the mandible can correspond to the poor left to right flexion in the direction of the restriction. Young horses have a natural table angle of 10-15 degrees, not flat, which most floaters will tend to create. Any deviation of this natural jaw movement or angle of the molar tables or incisors will throw the horse off physically as they age.           One of the major goals of whole mouth dentistry and equilibration is to create a three point balance or S.C.O. (Simultaneous Centric Occlusion) with incisors, molars, and TMJ (Temporomandibular Joint) all having equal pressure at rest.
Older Horses
Older horses, usually over the age of 10 years, and young horses between 2 – 4 1/2 years of age have uniqueness in the teeth.           Horses in the wild graze up to 20 hours a day and their grazing or nipping grasses keep their incisors from becoming excessive in length. Stabled horses, fed processed feeds and precut hay, are not able to wear their incisors properly. Older horses, 5 years+ will not be able to grind their food as well without the interference of their incisors and will turn to an up and down, sort of a “chop chop,” chewing motion. This in itself poses a problem. As the horse eats, he is not grinding his food properly and whole pieces of food are being swallowed, contributing to improper digestion, sometimes colic. Pieces of food can be trapped in the epiglottis flap in the throat allowing hay dust into the lungs; hence the symptoms of heaves, coughing and wheezing, may become apparent. From a performance standpoint, the gap in the molar table causes pain in the TMJ and may cause the horse to throw and pop its head when asked to collect or round up.
	Figure 1 (before)	Figure 3 (after)
Wedge or slanted incisors will cause a horse to chew only on one side of its mouth. This will cause excessive wear to the side being used and accentuated uneven height of the clinical crown of the molar arcades. Here again, the whole mouth must be re-angled. Special dremel instruments must be used to align properly and to ensure incisors, molar, and TMJ has equal pressure.
Younger Horses
Younger horses between the ages of 2 ½ through 4 ½ shed 24 teeth and should be checked every six months to ensure proper occlusion of the permanent teeth. In many cases, these shedding baby teeth or caps do not come off at the appropriate time in the appropriate manner. They are called retained caps and cause dental cysts offering all kinds of problems. If the caps on the molars do not shed off to allow the permanent tooth to erupt, the permanent tooth will erupt in an opposing direction, consequently through the mandible or into the nasal cavity of the maxilla.           Normal dental cysts occur three to six months prior to the shedding of the baby or deciduous tooth and disappear three to six months after the baby has been shed. Retained dental cysts or lumps on the mandible, lasting longer than the above-mentioned time, should be a red flag to the horse owner that the young horse needs dental attention.           If the incisors develop retained caps, mature teeth coming in will grow in crooked behind the caps, or not at all. This produces a great deal of pain in young horses resulting in head tossing, excessive tongue movement in and out of the mouth, etc. In many cases, retained caps are the initial reason that a horse will start to crib. The young horse attempts to rid itself of caps by any means possible. Cribbing is retained as a bad habit. Cribbing also occurs in older horses that are attempting to file down incisor that are excessive in length.           Horses have been known to eat rocks, sticks, and even metal to file down their own teeth or rid themselves of caps. This method, however, is seldom successful. Once again, young horses should be checked every six months and older horses, once been equilibrated, should be checked every nine to twelve months.
Other Occurrences in the Mouth
Whatever the age of the horse, it can have wolf teeth. Did you know that horses could have up to as many as 10 wolf teeth? They date back o the first horse, Eohippus, when horses had seven molars in each arcade. The wolf tooth is actually a remnant of the roots of a premolar, or the seventh molar. As a premolar, it has the capabilities of having a baby or deciduous tooth. These teeth can occur on the top and bottom arcades.           Wolf teeth are loose rooted and set in front of the first premolar where the bit is placed, and for this reason should be extracted prior to the installation of bit seats. This will enhance the performance of your horse.
Bit Seats
There are nerves running along the bars of the horse’s mouth. If a bit constantly bangs on them, these nerves can be damaged causing general aggravation. To solve this problem, bit seats are installed for the comfort of the horse and are suggested for any horse that is being ridden. By rounding the front of the first premolar (top and bottom to the gum line) we provide a place for the pouchy flesh and cheek to escape the bit. This bit seat should be custom made for the bit that is used in the horse’s mouth. Many people will create bit seats, but they may not be the proper size for any bit, yet alone the bit you use.
Why use Sedation?
	Figure 4 (Before)	Figure 5 (After)
(Figures 1 & 2 would not be able to be completed without sedation.)
Most the work I do requires sedation. The horses, especially first time clients, are in need of advance precision angle work that requires the horse to be still, it is a must. This is especially true when dremels are used. The horse will respond with excessive moving about and head tossing. When the horse has been properly sedated, they will be standing and still awake, but they are quiet.           Another important reason for having horse sedated, especially when removing of wolf teeth, is that there a palatine artery running along the top of the mouth. If the horse should fidget and toss his head, there is a chance of puncturing this artery with an instrument while working.
Dentistry, a New Fad or a Thing of the Past?
There is a widespread misconception that horse dentistry has just been developed over the last 10-20 years. Although evidence exists that we did quite a bit of regular tooth maintenance over a century ago, when horse were our primary source of locomotion. Horse dentistry was pretty much forgotten after WWI when the Vet Board claimed it as a veterinarian procedure. This took out of the hands of the experienced dental technicians who had already figured out oral biomechanics and how to eliminate the problems that prevents normal mastication and better riding habits.           So, why the big ruckus now about the service that has been avoided for so long, that we have net been able to get our regular veterinarians to perform it? We ask them to check our horse’s teeth and some of them reply something like: “His teeth are O.K.?” after a brief finger check “Is he fighting the bit?” “Has he been dropping grain?” “He is in good shape. See how fat he is.” “They don’t need that until they’re senior citizens-they are O.K. now.”           This is becoming a thing of the past. More and more people are switching to non-veterinarian equine dentist and better-educated veterinarians. Thanks to several horse dentistry organizations and schools that have formed over the past decade or two. The Academy of Equine Dentistry in Glenns Ferry, Idaho, is recognized as being one the best at teaching the practice of quality horse dentistry in the world.           The Academy of Equine Dentistry has studied hundreds of horse skulls and the vast majority showed no signs of dental maintenance. In fact, several of them had serious dental problems that might have been a factor for their demise. This leads us to believe that most horses die sooner than they should and suffer much more pain that could have been prevented through regular dental maintenance. Always remember, it is a myth that horses show us signs of dental problems before they become serious. So, it is very important to have a qualified dentist check your horses regularly (every six to nine months).
How to Choose a Qualified Equine Dentist
· They should use a full mouth speculum (a device used to hold the mouth open using crescent-shaped bite plates for the incisors to rest on that ratchets). Thorough examination by sight and palpitation of the oral cavity. VS, a spool type speculum that is like a large fishhook with a handle on one side and a cylinder on the other side for the molars to sit on, will often fracture molars and does not allow a thorough exanimation of the mouth. This results in incomplete dental care along with more complicated problems. · They should allow the client to feel the problems in the horse’s mouth and the difference after the procedure is complete. This educates the horse owner or trainer and gives them more confidence that the practitioner is helping the horse and not creating new problems for the horse. · They should give a brief explanation on the basic mechanics of how horses masticate their food when in proper balance. · They should not pull out the tongue with force. This is due to the fact that the tongue is connected to a group of thin bones called hyoid apparatus, which are connected to the petrosal bones of the inner ear. I f the petrosal bones are damaged; it could result in balance problems, or tilting of the head. If the hyoid apparatus is damaged, the horse’s tongue will usually hang out of its mouth. · Your dentist should not be abusive to the horse. It is not their place to discipline your horse. It is your responsibility for your horse to have good manners before the practitioner works on it. The same applies to your farrier, vet, and chiropractor. · They should not sedate without the owner’s consent. It is in best interest of the non-veterinarian practitioner to have the owner provide the sedation, or have a licensed administrator available. · It should take approximately 45 to 60 minutes for the first visit, and 30 minutes for regular maintenance thereafter. The cost will vary from dentist to dentist, due to skill level and knowledge. · They should fill out an evaluation chart that shows exactly what was found in the horse’s mouth, and how it was taken care of. · They should provide performance dentistry. This is when the first pre-molars are rounded to the gum line (commonly known as a bit seat). A bit seat prevents the cheeks and pouchy flesh on the lower bars from being forced into the boat-shaped points of the first pre-molars by the bit. This will eliminate vices such as head throwing, hollowing out, chomping, and/or grabbing of the bit.           I hope you have enjoyed this article and found it informative. If you have any questions or need a practitioner, please contact me. Please help get the message out and forward this on to a friend. I thank you for taking the time to read my article.

Born with the love of horses from day one, I wanted to make a difference and help the horse. I decided to go to school to be an Equine Dentist after watching a friend of mine work with horses. I have witnessed how much improvement came after he finished whole mouth dentistry, and I was amazed by the difference. He performed a miracle and the owner was so happy with the work that she told everyone she knew. I thought what a rewarding career, to be able to make both horses and people happy. Therefore I attended the Academy of Equine Dentistry in Glenns Ferry, Idaho, under the guidance of an amazing man, Dale Jeffrey M/EqD, who has shared his knowledge with people all around the world. He teaches patience, compassion, and consistency.           I believe that proper Whole Mouth Equine Dental Equilibration, as oppose to “floating,” is not only necessary for the proper mastication as it relates to general health, but more importantly, for the total well being of the horse relative to performance and ultimately attitude!